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A fringe theory is an idea or viewpoint held by a small group of supporters. Fringe theories include the models and proposals of fringe science as well as similar ideas in other areas of scholarship, such as the humanities. The term is commonly used in a narrower sense as a pejorative roughly synonymous with pseudo-scholarship. Precise definitions that distinguish between widely held viewpoints, fringe theories, and pseudo-scholarship are difficult to construct because of the demarcation problem. Issues of false equivalence can occur when fringe theories are presented as being equal to widely accepted theories. ==Definitions== Fringe theories are ideas which depart significantly from a prevailing or mainstream theory. A fringe theory is neither a majority opinion nor that of a respected minority.〔 The term in general is closer to the popular understanding of the word ''theory''—a hypothesis, guess, or uncertain idea—than to the concept of an established scientific theory.〔 Although the term is often used within the context of fringe science, fringe theories have been discussed in diverse areas of scholarship, including Biblical criticism,〔 history,〔〔 finance, law,〔 medicine,〔 and politics. They even exist in fields of study which are themselves outside the mainstream, such as cryptozoology and parapsychology.〔 Fringe theories meet with varying levels of academic acceptance.〔 Financial journalist Alexander Davidson characterized fringe theories as "peddled by a small band of staunch supporters," but not necessarily without merit. Daniel N. Robinson described them as occupying "a limbo between the decisive dead end and the ultimately credible productive theory."〔 However, the term is also used pejoratively; advocates of fringe theories are dismissed as cranks or crackpots who are out of touch with reality.〔 In this sense, there is some overlap with other dismissive labels, such as pseudoarchaeology,〔〔 pseudohistory,〔 and pseudoscience. Describing ideas as fringe theories may be less pejorative than describing them as pseudoscholarship; while it is unlikely that anyone would identify their own work as pseudoscience,〔 astrologer David Cochrane is "proud to be a fringe theorist."〔 The term is also used to describe conspiracy theories. Such theories "explain" historical or political events as the work of a powerful secret organization — "a vast, insidious, preternaturally effective international conspiratorial network," according to Richard Hofstadter.〔 The conspirators are possessed of "almost superhuman power and cunning," as described by historian Esther Webman. Margaret Wertheim suggested that fringe theories should be treated in a manner similar to outsider art. In 2003 she curated an exhibit at the Santa Monica Museum of Art which was dedicated to the work of fringe physicist Jim Carter. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fringe theory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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